Female Cancers Decoded: A Guide to Gynaecological Cancers Types, Treatments, and Insurance Options

Women must be aware of gynaecological cancers and their risk factors to take preventive measures and seek prompt medical attention. The likelihood of a successful course of treatment and survival is significantly increased by early detection.

We discuss gynaecological cancers, their symptoms, treatments, and how to ensure you’re financially protected if you’re diagnosed with cancer.

What are female cancers?

Female cancers, which include gynaecologic cancers, start in a woman's reproductive organs. These cancers are illnesses where the body's cells grow uncontrollably. Examples of female cancers include ovarian, cervical, uterine, vaginal, breast, and vulvar cancers.

Are female cancers common?

The common cancers in Malaysia include breast, colorectal, lung, nasopharyngeal, liver and cervical cancer.

According to the Global Cancer Observatory^[1], the five most prevalent and highest-ranking cancers among women in Malaysia were breast cancer (32.9%), colorectal cancer (11.9%), ovarian cancer (7.2%), cervical cancer (6.8%), and uterine cancer (5.5%).

Types of gynaecological cancers

The five main types of gynaecological cancers include:

Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer starts in the ovaries. The women's ovaries are situated in the pelvis on either side of the uterus. The ovaries create female hormones and the eggs for reproduction.

Ovarian cancer risk may increase due to certain mutations. Most often, ovarian cancer risk increases by mutations in the genes that cause Lynch syndrome, breast cancer susceptibility genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2).

There are several distinct tumour types and subtypes of ovarian cancer. Adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent tumour type, while serous adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent subtype. Serious adenocarcinomas are primarily high-grade tumours, meaning they develop aggressively.

Ovarian cancer symptoms and signs include:

• Abdominal bloating or swelling

• Bloating

• Weight loss

• Pelvic discomfort

• Fatigue

• Backache

• Constipation

• Frequent urination

 

Ovarian cancer frequently manifests as signs and symptoms, so it's critical to be aware of common signs and symptoms.

Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer ranks fourth among cancers that affect women worldwide, with 604,000^[2] new cases in 2020. The growth of cancer cells begins in the cervix and expands slowly over time. The cervix is the narrow end of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

99%^[3] of cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus spread via sexual contact. HPV can affect the skin, vaginal region, and throat. While the majority of HPV infections resolve spontaneously and are asymptomatic, ongoing infections can cause aberrant cells to transform into cancer.

When early-stage cervical cancer symptoms do appear, they might include:

• Vaginal bleeding during menopause, sexual activity, or in between periods.

• Menstrual bleeding prolonged and heavier than normal.

• Bloody vaginal discharge that is watery and foul smelling.

• Pelvic pain during intercourse.

 

Uterine cancer

Uterine cancer, also called endometrial cancer, begins as a growth of cells in the uterus. The uterus is the hollow, pear-shaped pelvic organ where fetal development happens. Uterine cancer often develops after menopause and is more common in overweight women.

There are two forms of uterine cancers:

• Endometrial carcinoma is common and curable. Endometrial cancer is frequently discovered early on because it presents symptoms.

• Uterine sarcoma is rare, more aggressive, and difficult to treat.

 

The National Library of Medicine^[4] inserts that endometrial carcinomas are responsible for the majority of uterine cancer cases, as less than 10% are uterine sarcomas.

Uterine cancer symptoms include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge

• Uncomfortable or difficult urination

• Pelvic discomfort

• Pain during intercourse

 

Vaginal cancer

Vaginal cancer is quite rare and occurs in the cells lining the vagina. The cells can penetrate and kill healthy bodily tissue because of their rapid multiplication.

Additionally, cancers that originate in other body areas, such as uterine or cervical cancer, can occasionally spread to the vagina.

The first indications of vaginal cancer may not appear. However, when it develops, the following are some likely symptoms and indicators:

• Vaginal bleeding that occurs after menopause or during intercourse which is unrelated to menstruation

• Vaginal discharge that’s watery, bloody, or foul-smelling

• A lump or mass in the vagina

• Painful urination

• Frequent urination

• Constipation

• Pelvic pain

 

Vulvar cancer

Vulvar cancer can develop on the outer surface area of the female genitalia, like the labia majora or labia minora. It is an uncommon illness making up only 0.6%^[5] of all cancers in women. It can develop gradually over a long period, with older women over 65 accounting for the majority of vulval cancer cases.

There are several types of vulvar cancer:

• Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) begins internally in the thin, flat (squamous) cells lining the vulvar. This is the most common kind of vulvar cancer, usually remaining close to the vulvar. It may gradually spread to the bones, lungs, or liver.

• Adenocarcinoma originates from the glandular cells on the surface of the vulvar.

• Melanoma starts in the pigment-producing melanocytes that also line the vulvar.

• Sarcoma is a rare kind of vulvar cancer that can develop from muscle, fat, and other tissue located deep within the vulvar wall.

 

The most common symptoms are:

• Persistent itching

• Colour changes or thickening of the skin

• Bleeding that isn't from menstruation

• Severe burning, itching, or pain in the vulva

• An ulcer or an open sore like a wart

• A vulva's skin has a rough, white appearance

 

Breast cancer

Although not a gynaecological cancer, breast cancer is a significant female cancer that should not be ignored. According to the Summary of Malaysia National Cancer^[6], female breast cancer rates increase beyond the age of 50. From 2012 to 2016, the lifetime risk was 1 in 27 for females, 1 in 30 for Malays, 1 in 22 for Chinese, and 1 in 23 for Indians. Breast cancer caused 685,000^[7] deaths worldwide in 2020.

Breast cancer occurs when abnormal breast cells proliferate and develop into tumours. If left unchecked, the tumours can spread throughout the body and become fatal.

For women, understanding breast cancer - its types, symptoms, stages, treatments, and the path to recovery is essential. This is because if one is equipped with the relevant knowledge, breast cancer can be detected early, which increases the likelihood of treatment success.

Additionally, if you’ve had breast cancer, know that life after breast cancer can still be fulfilling and rewarding despite the challenges you may face.

Signs and symptoms of female cancers

The signs and symptoms may change depending on the kind of cancer and its stage. 

The following are broad indications and symptoms that might be connected to the different kinds of cancer in women:

• Unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge during menopause or during/following intercourse may indicate the symptom of cervical, uterine, or vaginal cancer.

• Bloating, stomach or back pain, are frequent symptoms of ovarian cancer.

• Pelvic discomfort or pressure that is unrelated to the menstrual cycle is typical for ovarian, uterine, or cervical cancers.

• Constipation and urgency of urination.

• Itching, burning, tenderness or pain of the vulva, and changes in vulva colour or skin, such as a rash, sores, or warts.

• Changes in the size, shape, or appearance of the breasts.

• Sudden unexplained weight loss.

 

How are female cancers diagnosed?

The diagnostic tests used depend on the specific symptoms, risk factors, and the suspected type of cancer. Diagnostic methods used for female cancers include:

• Medical history and physical examination

• Imaging tests like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), ultrasound and mammography

• Blood tests

• Biopsy

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) test

• Breast screening

• Transvaginal ultrasound

• Pap test

• Endoscopy

• Colposcopy

 

Of all the gynaecologic cancers, only cervical cancer has screening tests that can detect it early, when treatment can be most effective.

Treatment for female cancers

Common treatment options such as:

• Surgery: Doctors remove cancerous tissue during operation.

• Chemotherapy: Specialised medications to either eradicate or reduce the malignancy by injecting them into a vein or administering them orally to destroy cancer cells.

• Radiation therapy: X-ray-like high-energy radiation to eradicate the cancer.

• Hormone therapy: To reduce female hormones that some gynecologic cancers rely on to grow.

• Immunotherapy: Upregulate or downregulate the immune system to aid the body's defense against gynecologic cancer.

• Precision medicine: Considers the genes or other indicators found in cancer cells and a person’s inherited genetic makeup.

 

Prudential provides Precision Medicine for cancer, an insurance coverage for leading-edge cancer treatment tailored to your recovery needs.

Impact of female cancers

Female cancers can have a significant impact on individuals and society as a whole.

Some of the impacts conclude:

• Health: Certain cancers in women may have fatal results or serious health effects.

• Social: Misconceptions about some types of cancer in women can cause stigma, which can result in discrimination and social exclusion.

• Public health: Healthcare systems must provide efficient diagnosis, treatment, and support services due to the prevalence of cancer in women.

 

Side effects of female cancer treatments

The National Cancer Institute^[8] asserts that cancer treatments can affect a woman’s fertility. Although cancer treatments are vital for long-term health, they have the potential to damage reproductive organs and reduced fertility.

If you decide to use IVF or IUI to become pregnant, it is advisable to freeze your eggs or embryos before undergoing cancer treatment.

Read IVF and IUI Treatments Explored: Supporting In Vitro Fertilization and Intrauterine Insemination with Insurance to discover your fertility preservation options.

Emotional impact

People at different phases of their cancer journey may experience the profound and complex emotional effects of female cancers. Upon receiving a cancer diagnosis and undergoing treatment, anxiety, despair, sorrow, denial, and other emotions might arise.

Financial impact

Female cancers can have a substantial financial burden on individuals and their families. A cancer patient's journey may involve several financial challenges, such as diagnosis, treatment, follow-up care, and potential long-term repercussions.

How to prevent female cancers?

Although there is no guarantee when it comes to cancer prevention, one can reduce their risk of developing cancers by:

• Breast cancer screening

• Limit alcohol consumption

• Maintain a healthy weight

• HPV vaccination

• Regular pap smears

• Healthy diet

• Regular exercise

• Avoid tobacco and alcohol

• Annual check-ups

 

Cost of female cancer treatment in Malaysia

The treatment costs for gynaecological cancers in Malaysia can vary widely based on the type of cancer, the stage at which it is diagnosed, and the treatment plan prescribed by healthcare professionals. Here's a breakdown of some potential costs involved:

General treatment costs: The expenses for cancer treatment can range from RM10,000 to beyond RM500,000. This extensive range reflects the diverse approaches to cancer treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and more.

Chemotherapy and Radiation therapy: These treatments alone can cost between RM1,000 and RM10,000 per session, depending on the specific protocols and drugs used. More comprehensive treatment strategies, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, may push monthly costs between MYR 10,000 and MYR 50,000.

Surgical costs: The costs for surgical interventions can range significantly based on the complexity of the procedure. Minor surgeries might cost lesser, while more extensive procedures could cost upwards of RM10,000​. Surgical costs also depend on the hospital where the procedure is performed.

Precision medicine cost: Precision medicine utilizes genomic testing and targeted treatment to precisely diagnose and offer personalized treatment tailored to each individual. Due to its advanced diagnostic procedures, genetic testing, and ongoing research and development efforts, the costs of precision medicine can vary from thousands to tens of thousands of ringgit.

Additional costs: It's also important to consider non-direct medical expenses, which can include travel, accommodation if treatment is far from home, and potential income loss during treatment periods. These can substantially increase the overall financial burden on patients and their families​.

These figures and ranges provide a general idea of what patients might expect to pay for cancer treatment in Malaysia. It is advisable to consult directly with hospitals or treatment centres.

Nonetheless, cancer treatment costs are always a concern for patients and their families, and as such, it’s important to consider how critical illness insurance can protect one's finances if the unfortunate does happen.

Insurance for female cancers

Although the risk of some forms of female cancers can be decreased by taking preventative measures, it cannot be completely eliminated. As such, complete health insurance that covers hospital stays, cancer treatments, diagnostic testing, screenings, and follow-up care is essential.

PRULady is a personalised critical illness insurance for women that provides coverage for female-related needs such as illnesses, Pregnancy Care Benefit, and more.

FAQ

What is gynaecological cancer awareness about?

It involves understanding the risk factors, symptoms, and the importance of early detection. Participating in gynaecological cancer awareness month activities can help spread crucial information and support research.

Who is at risk for gynaecological cancers?

Risk factors vary by cancer type but commonly include age, genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, and certain infections like HPV for cervical cancer.

What are the options for gynaecological cancer screening?

Screening methods include Pap smears for cervical cancer, ultrasounds for ovarian cancer, and HPV testing. Regular screenings can detect cancer early when it is most treatable.

Is gynaecological cancer treatable?

Yes, especially when diagnosed early. Treatments may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapy, depending on the type and stage of cancer.

How do I check myself for ovarian cancer?

While self-exams aren’t effective for detecting ovarian cancer, being alert to symptoms like bloating, pelvic pain, and frequent urination can prompt earlier professional evaluation.

How can you prevent gynecologic cancer?

Prevention strategies include getting vaccinated against HPV, regular screening tests, maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

What advancements are there in gynaecological cancer research?

Researchers are continually looking into better ways to treat and detect gynaecological cancers. Recent studies focus on genetic markers and innovative therapies that target cancer cells more precisely.

When is gynaecological cancer awareness month?

September is Gynaecological Cancer Awareness Month.

At what age does gynaecological cancer occur?

Gynaecological cancers can occur at any age, but the risk increases with age, particularly for uterine and ovarian cancers.

How to detect ovarian cancer?

Ovarian cancer is often detected through pelvic exams, imaging tests (like ultrasound), and blood tests (such as CA-125).

What is the deadliest cancer of the female reproductive system?

Ovarian cancer is often considered the deadliest cancer of the female reproductive system due to its tendency to be diagnosed at advanced stages.

What should I know about insurance coverage for gynaecological cancer treatment in Malaysia?

Insurance coverage can vary significantly between policies. Most health insurance plans cover critical illnesses, including cancer, but it's crucial to check if your policy specifies coverage for gynaecological cancers.

Certain plans may offer lump sum payments upon diagnosis, which can be used to cover out-of-pocket expenses such as travel for treatment or lost income. Always review your policy details or speak with an insurance agent to understand your coverage.

How do I claim insurance for gynaecological cancer treatment?

To claim insurance, you typically need to submit a formal diagnosis and treatment plan from a certified oncologist along with your medical bills. Ensure that you keep all original receipts and medical reports.

Some insurers might also require the treating doctor to fill out a claim form. It's advisable to contact your insurance provider early in the diagnosis process to clarify their specific requirements and avoid delays in claim processing.

Are there specific insurance plans recommended for women at risk of gynaecological cancers?

Yes, some insurers offer plans that are tailored for women, providing coverage for costs associated with gynaecological cancers, including screening tests like Pap smears and HPV vaccinations, which are crucial for early detection.

These plans might also cover a broader range of women's health issues, offering a comprehensive health safety net. Prudential offers personalised critical illness insurance tailored for women, encompassing coverage for female-specific needs like illnesses and Pregnancy Care Benefits, among other services.

What is the importance of early detection and insurance in the treatment of gynaecological cancer?

Early detection of gynaecological cancer increases the effectiveness of treatments and improves survival rates. Having insurance helps manage the high costs of regular screenings and early treatments, reducing financial stress and allowing for immediate healthcare access when cancer is suspected.

Can lifestyle changes impact the risk of developing gynaecological cancer?

Yes, lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and eating a balanced diet can reduce the risk of developing many types of cancer, including those affecting the female reproductive system. Regular physical activity and managing other health conditions like HPV with vaccinations are also effective preventative measures.

Conclusion

Recognising warning symptoms and finding preventative measures is crucial, as there is no easy and accurate technique to test for any gynaecologic cancer other than cervical cancer.

Consider PRULady for peace of mind. Contact us for the most recent and precise information about the insurance.

^[1] The Global Cancer Observatory. Available at https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/458-malaysia-fact-sheets.pdf

^[2] Cervical cancer. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

^[3] Cervical cancer. Available at https://www.who.int/health-topics/cervical-cancer#tab=tab_1

^[4] Endometrial Cancer. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525981/

^[5] Vulvar Cancer. Available at https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/vulvar-cancer#:~:text=Vulvar%20cancer%20can%20occur%20on,cancers%20are%20squamous%20cell%20carcinomas

^[6] The Summary of Malaysia National Cancer. Available at https://www.moh.gov.my/moh/resources/Penerbitan/Laporan/Umum/2012-2016%20(MNCRR)/Summary_MNCR_2012-2016_-_06112020.pdf

^[7] Breast cancer. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer#:~:text=Breast%20cancer%20is%20a%20disease,producing%20lobules%20of%20the%20breast

^[8] Fertility Issues in Girls and Women with Cancer. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/fertility-women